2. 从句的基本分类
根据从句在句子中的功能和作用,英语从句可以分为三大类:名词性从句、形容词性从句 和 副词性从句。每种从句都有其特定的结构和用法,以下将逐一详细解析。
2.1 名词性从句(Noun Clauses)
名词性从句是指在句子中充当名词成分的从句,通常用来回答“什么”或“怎么样”的问题。它可以担任主语、宾语、表语或同位语。
2.1.1 主语从句(Subject Clauses)
- 定义: 从句在句子中充当主语。
- 引导词: 常见引导词包括 that, whether, if, what, who, which 等。
- 示例:
- What he said is true.
(他说的是真的。——从句 What he said 充当主语。) - Whether she will come is still unknown.
(她是否会来还不知道。——从句 Whether she will come 充当主语。)
- What he said is true.
2.1.2 宾语从句(Object Clauses)
- 定义: 从句在句子中充当宾语。
- 引导词: 常见引导词包括 that, if, whether, what, who, whom, whose, which 等。
- 示例:
- I know that he is coming.
(我知道他要来了。——从句 that he is coming 充当宾语。) - She asked me where I lived.
(她问我住在哪里。——从句 where I lived 充当宾语。)
- I know that he is coming.
2.1.3 表语从句(Predicative Clauses)
- 定义: 从句在句子中充当表语,通常出现在系动词之后。
- 引导词: 常见引导词包括 that, whether, what, who, why, how 等。
- 示例:
- The problem is how we can solve it.
(问题是如何解决它。——从句 how we can solve it 充当表语。) - His suggestion is that we should start early.
(他的建议是我们应该早点出发。——从句 that we should start early 充当表语。)
- The problem is how we can solve it.
2.1.4 同位语从句(Appositive Clauses)
- 定义: 从句对前面的名词进行补充说明,通常用于解释或进一步描述该名词。
- 引导词: 常见引导词包括 that, whether, how, why, when 等。
- 示例:
- The news that he won the prize surprised everyone.
(他获奖的消息让所有人感到惊讶。——从句 that he won the prize 补充说明 the news。) - I have no idea why he left so early.
(我不知道他为什么这么早就离开了。——从句 why he left so early 补充说明 idea。)
- The news that he won the prize surprised everyone.
2.2 形容词性从句(Adjective Clauses / Relative Clauses)
形容词性从句,也称为定语从句,是用来修饰名词或代词的从句,起到限定或补充说明的作用。根据其限制性,可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
2.2.1 限制性定语从句(Restrictive Relative Clauses)
- 定义: 从句对先行词进行限定,不可或缺,去掉后会影响句子的整体意义。
- 引导词: 常见引导词包括 who, whom, whose, which, that 等。
- 示例:
- The book that I borrowed is very interesting.
(我借的那本书非常有趣。——从句 that I borrowed 限定 the book。) - The man who is standing there is my teacher.
(站在那里的那个人是我的老师。——从句 who is standing there 限定 the man。)
- The book that I borrowed is very interesting.
2.2.2 非限制性定语从句(Non-restrictive Relative Clauses)
- 定义: 从句对先行词进行补充说明,而非限定,去掉后不影响句子的整体意义。通常用逗号隔开。
- 引导词: 常见引导词包括 who, whom, whose, which 等(不使用 that)。
- 示例:
- My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting us.
(我的哥哥住在纽约,他正在拜访我们。——从句 who lives in New York 补充说明 my brother。) - The Eiffel Tower, which is located in Paris, is a famous landmark.
(埃菲尔铁塔位于巴黎,是一个著名的地标。——从句 which is located in Paris 补充说明 The Eiffel Tower。)
- My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting us.
2.3 副词性从句(Adverbial Clauses)
副词性从句是用来修饰动词、形容词或整个句子的从句,表示时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步或比较等关系。
2.3.1 时间状语从句(Time Clauses)
- 定义: 表示动作发生的时间。
- 引导词: 常见引导词包括 when, while, before, after, since, until, as soon as 等。
- 示例:
- I will call you when I arrive.
(我到了会给你打电话。——从句 when I arrive 表示时间。) - She had finished her homework before dinner.
(她在晚饭前完成了作业。——从句 before dinner 表示时间。)
- I will call you when I arrive.
2.3.2 地点状语从句(Place Clauses)
- 定义: 表示动作发生的地点。
- 引导词: 常见引导词包括 where, wherever。
- 示例:
- You can sit wherever you like.
(你可以坐在你喜欢的任何地方。——从句 wherever you like 表示地点。) - He found his keys where he had left them.
(他在他放钥 匙的地方找到了它们。——从句 where he had left them 表示地点。)
- You can sit wherever you like.
2.3.3 原因状语从句(Reason Clauses)
- 定义: 表示动作发生的原因。
- 引导词: 常见引导词包括 because, since, as。
- 示例:
- She stayed at home because it was raining.
(她待在家里因为下雨了。——从句 because it was raining 表示原因。) - Since you are busy, I will do it myself.
(既然你很忙,我会自己做。——从句 Since you are busy 表示原因。)
- She stayed at home because it was raining.
2.3.4 条件状语从句(Condition Clauses)
- 定义: 表示假设的条件。
- 引导词: 常见引导词包括 if, unless, provided that, as long as 等。
- 示例:
- If it rains, we will stay indoors.
(如果下雨,我们会待在室内。——从句 If it rains 表示条件。) - You won’t pass the exam unless you study hard.
(除非你努力学习,否则你不会通过考试。——从句 unless you study hard 表示条件。)
- If it rains, we will stay indoors.
2.3.5 目的状语从句(Purpose Clauses)
- 定义: 表示动作的目的。
- 引导词: 常见引导词包括 so that, in order that。
- 示例:
- He studied hard so that he could pass the exam.
(他努力学习以便能通过考试。——从句 so that he could pass the exam 表示目的。) - She left early in order that she wouldn’t miss the train.
(她早早离开以免错过火车。——从句 in order that she wouldn’t miss the train 表示目的。)
- He studied hard so that he could pass the exam.
2.3.6 结果状语从句(Result Clauses)
- 定义: 表示动作的结果。
- 引导词: 常见引导词包括 so...that, such...that。
- 示例:
- It was so cold that we stayed inside.
(天气太冷了,以至于我们待在屋里。——从句 that we stayed inside 表示结果。) - She is such a good teacher that all students love her.
(她是一位非常好的老师,以至于所有学生都喜欢她。——从句 that all students love her 表示结果。)
- It was so cold that we stayed inside.
2.3.7 让步状语从句(Concession Clauses)
- 定义: 表示尽管存在某种情况,但结果仍然成立。
- 引导词: 常见引导词包括 although, though, even if, even though。
- 示例:
- Although it was raining, we went out.
(虽然在下雨,我们还是出去了。——从句 Although it was raining 表示让步。) - Even if he fails, he will keep trying.
(即使他失败了,他也会继续尝试。——从句 Even if he fails 表示让步。)
- Although it was raining, we went out.
2.3.8 比较状语从句(Comparison Clauses)
- 定义: 表示比较关系。
- 引导词: 常见引导词包括 than, as...as。
- 示例:
- She is taller than her brother.
(她比她的哥哥高。——从句 than her brother 表示比较。) - He runs as fast as a cheetah.
(他跑得像猎豹一样快。——从句 as fast as a cheetah 表示比较。)
- She is taller than her brother.
2.4 小结
从句的基本分类包括名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句,每种从句都有其独特的功能和结构。掌握这些分类及其用法,可以帮助我们更准确地构建复杂句子,表达丰富的逻辑关系。接下来,我们将深入探讨从句的引导词及其具体用法。