3. 从句的引导词
从句的引导词是连接主句和从句的关键元素,根据从句的类型和作用,可分为关系代词、关系副词、连词和特殊引导词。不同的引导词决定了从句的功能与意义,掌握其用法有助于准确构建句子,避免语法错误。
3.1 关系代词(Relative Pronouns)
关系代词用来引导形容词性从句(定语从句),修饰先行词,并在从句中充当主语、宾语或定语。
常见关系代词及其用法:
- who: 指代人,在从句中作主语。
- 示例: The man who is speaking is my teacher.
(正在讲话的那个人是我的老师。)
- 示例: The man who is speaking is my teacher.
- whom: 指代人,在从句中作宾语(较正式,口语中常用 who 或省略)。
- 示例: The girl whom you met yesterday is my sister.
(你昨天遇到的女孩是我的妹妹。)
口语中: The girl you met yesterday…
- 示例: The girl whom you met yesterday is my sister.
- whose: 表示所属关系,指代人或物,在从句中作定语。
- 示例: The boy whose book was lost is very upset.
(书丢了的那个男孩非常沮丧。)
- 示例: The boy whose book was lost is very upset.
- which: 指代事物,在从句中作主语或宾语。
- 示例: The car which is parked outside belongs to my neighbor.
(停在外面的那辆车是我邻居的。)
- 示例: The car which is parked outside belongs to my neighbor.
- that: 可指代人或事物,在从句中作主语或宾语(常用于限制性定语从句)。
- 示例: The movie that we watched last night was amazing.
(我们昨晚看的那部电影很棒。)
- 示例: The movie that we watched last night was amazing.
注意事项:
- 在非限制性定语从句中,不能使用 that,需用 who, whom, whose, which。
- 关系代词作宾语时,通常可省略(多见于限制性定语从句,在非限制性从句中不常见且不推荐)。
- 示例: The book (that) I borrowed is on the table.
(我借的那本书在桌上。)
- 示例: The book (that) I borrowed is on the table.
3.2 关系副词(Relative Adverbs)
关系副词用于引导形容词性从句,表示时间、地点或原因,并在从句中充当状语。
常见关系副词及其用法:
- when: 表示时间,适用于时间名词,相当于 in/on/at which。
- 示例: I still remember the day when we first met.
(我仍然记得我们初次见面的那一天。)
- 示例: I still remember the day when we first met.
- where: 表示地点,适用于地点名词,相当于 in/at which。
- 示例: This is the house where I grew up.
(这是我长大的房子。)
- 示例: This is the house where I grew up.
- why: 表示原因,适用于原因名词(如 “reason”),相当于 for which。
- 示例: Do you know the reason why he left early?
(你知道他为什么这么早就离开的原因吗?)
- 示例: Do you know the reason why he left early?
注意事项:
- 关系副词的选择取决于先行词的语义性质(如 when 用于时间名词,where 用于地点名词,why 用于原因名词)。
- why 在限制性定语从句中可省略,尤其在非正式语境中。
- 示例: The reason (why) he left early is unclear.
(他早退的原因不清楚。)
- 示例: The reason (why) he left early is unclear.
- 关系副词可用介词 + which 替代。
- 示例: The day when we met = The day on which we met.
3.3 连词(Conjunctions)
连词用于引导名词性从句或副词性从句,连接主句和从句,表达逻辑关系。