6. 更多示例

根据从句在句子中的功能和作用，英语从句可以分为三大类：名词性从句、形容词性从句 和 副词性从句。每种从句都有其特定的结构和用法，以下将逐一详细解析。

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名词性从句（Noun Clauses）

主语从句（Subject Clauses）

从句在句子中充当主语常见引导词包括 that, whether, if, what, who, which 等。

• What he said is true.
  （他说的是真的。——从句 What he said 充当主语。）
• Whether she will come is still unknown.
  （她是否会来还不知道。——从句 Whether she will come 充当主语。）
• If she will accept the offer is still uncertain.
  （她是否会接受这个提议还不确定。——从句 If she will accept the offer 充当主语。）
• What she needs now is more support from her friends.
  （她现在需要的是朋友们更多的支持。——从句 What she needs now 充当主语。）
• Who will win the competition remains a mystery.
  （谁会赢得比赛仍然是个谜。——从句 Who will win the competition 充当主语。）
• Which book you should read first is up to your teacher.
  （你应该先读哪本书由你的老师决定。——从句 Which book you should read first 充当主语。）
• That he finished the project surprised everyone.
  （他完成了这个项目让所有人都感到惊讶。——从句 That he finished the project 充当主语，主谓宾结构：he finished the project。）
• Whether they will accept our proposal concerns us a lot.
  （他们是否会接受我们的提议让我们非常关心。——从句 Whether they will accept our proposal 充当主语，主谓宾结构：they will accept our proposal。）
• If she can solve this problem matters to her career.
  （她是否能解决这个问题对她的职业生涯很重要。——从句 If she can solve this problem 充当主语，主谓宾结构：she can solve this problem。）
• What he said during the meeting influenced the final decision.
  （他在会议上所说的话影响了最终的决定。——从句 What he said during the meeting 充当主语，主谓宾结构：he said what。）
• Who she invited to the party made a big difference.
  （她邀请了谁参加派对有很大的不同。——从句 Who she invited to the party 充当主语，主谓宾结构：she invited who。）
• Which candidate they choose will affect the company's future.
  （他们选择哪位候选人将影响公司的未来。——从句 Which candidate they choose 充当主语，主谓宾结构：they choose which candidate。）

宾语从句（Object Clauses）

从句在句子中充当宾语。常见引导词包括 that, if, whether, what, who, whom, whose, which 等。

• I know that he is coming.
  （我知道他要来了。——从句 that he is coming 充当宾语。）
• She asked me where I lived. （她问我住在哪里。——从句 where I lived 充当宾语。）
• I wonder if she will come to the party.
  （我想知道她是否会来参加聚会。——从句 if she will come to the party 充当宾语。）
• Can you tell me whether the meeting is canceled?
  （你能告诉我会议是否取消了吗？——从句 whether the meeting is canceled 充当宾语。）
• She asked me what I wanted for dinner.
  （她问我晚餐想吃什么。——从句 what I wanted for dinner 充当宾语。）
• Do you know who broke the window?
  （你知道是谁打破了窗户吗？——从句 who broke the window 充当宾语。）
• He doesn’t remember whom he met at the conference.
  （他不记得在会议上遇到了谁。——从句 whom he met at the conference 充当宾语。）
• We need to find out whose bag this is.
  （我们需要找出这是谁的包。——从句 whose bag this is 充当宾语。）
• I don’t know which book you are referring to.
  （我不知道你指的是哪本书。——从句 which book you are referring to 充当宾语。）
• They explained that the project would take longer than expected.
  （他们解释说这个项目会比预期花费更长的时间。——从句 that the project would take longer than expected 充当宾语。）
• The teacher asked us why we were late.
  （老师问我们为什么迟到。——从句 why we were late 充当宾语。）
• He told me how he solved the problem.
  （他告诉我他是如何解决这个问题的。——从句 how he solved the problem 充当宾语。）

表语从句（Predicative Clauses）

从句在句子中充当表语，通常出现在系动词之后，常见引导词包括 that, whether, what, who, why, how 等。

• The problem is how we can solve it.
  （问题是如何解决它。——从句 how we can solve it 充当表语。）
• His suggestion is that we should start early.
  （他的建议是我们应该早点出发。——从句 that we should start early 充当表语。）
• The question is whether he will come.
  （问题是他是否会来。——从句 whether he will come 充当表语。）
• What worries me most is that she hasn’t contacted us for days.
  （最让我担心的是她已经好几天没联系我们了。——从句 that she hasn’t contacted us for days 充当表语。）
• The truth is that he didn’t tell the whole story.
  （事实是他没有讲完整个故事。——从句 that he didn’t tell the whole story 充当表语。）
• My concern is how we can finish the project on time.
  （我的担忧是我们如何能按时完成项目。——从句 how we can finish the project on time 充当表语。）
• The problem is who will take responsibility for this mistake.
  （问题是谁将为这个错误负责。——从句 who will take responsibility for this mistake 充当表语。）
• What I don’t understand is why he left so suddenly.
  （我不明白的是他为什么突然离开。——从句 why he left so suddenly 充当表语。）
• The issue is where we should hold the meeting.
  （问题是我们在哪里举行会议。——从句 where we should hold the meeting 充当表语。）
• Her decision is what everyone expected.
  （她的决定是所有人期待的。——从句 what everyone expected 充当表语。）
• The mystery is which book he was reading.
  （谜团是他当时在读哪本书。——从句 which book he was reading 充当表语。）
• What matters most is how you handle the situation.
  （最重要的是你如何处理这种情况。——从句 how you handle the situation 充当表语。）

同位语从句（Appositive Clauses）

从句对前面的名词进行补充说明，通常用于解释或进一步描述该名词，常见引导词包括 that, whether, how, why, when 等。

• The news that he won the prize surprised everyone.
  （他获奖的消息让所有人感到惊讶。——从句 that he won the prize 补充说明 the news。）
• I have no idea why he left so early.
  （我不知道他为什么这么早就离开了。——从句 why he left so early 补充说明 idea。）
• The fact that he was late upset everyone.
  （他迟到的事实让所有人都感到不安。——从句 that he was late 补充说明 the fact。）
• I have no idea whether she will come to the party.
  （我不知道她是否会来参加聚会。——从句 whether she will come to the party 补充说明 idea。）
• The question how we can solve this problem remains unanswered.
  （我们如何解决这个问题仍然是个未解之谜。——从句 how we can solve this problem 补充说明 question。）
• We are curious about the reason why he resigned.
  （我们对他辞职的原因很好奇。——从句 why he resigned 补充说明 reason。）
• Do you remember the time when we first met?
  （你还记得我们初次见面的时候吗？——从句 when we first met 补充说明 time。）
• The place where the accident happened is closed now.
  （事故发生的地方现在已经关闭了。——从句 where the accident happened 补充说明 place。）
• There is some doubt whether he will pass the exam.
  （他是否会通过考试仍有一些疑问。——从句 whether he will pass the exam 补充说明 doubt。）
• The news that the company is going bankrupt shocked everyone.
  （公司即将破产的消息震惊了所有人。——从句 that the company is going bankrupt 补充说明 news。）
• His suggestion that we should start early seems reasonable.
  （他建议我们应该早点出发，这似乎很合理。——从句 that we should start early 补充说明 suggestion。）
• The question who will take over the project is still under discussion.
  （谁将接管这个项目的问题仍在讨论中。——从句 who will take over the project 补充说明 question。）
• She has a clear understanding of what needs to be done.
  （她清楚地知道需要做什么。——从句 what needs to be done 补充说明 understanding。）

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形容词性从句（Adjective Clauses / Relative Clauses）

形容词性从句，也称为定语从句，是用来修饰名词或代词的从句，起到限定或补充说明的作用。根据其限制性，可以分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。

限制性定语从句（Restrictive Relative Clauses）

限制性定语从句表示从句对先行词进行限定，不可或缺，去掉后会影响句子的整体意义,常见引导词包括 who, whom, whose, which, that 等。

• The book that I borrowed from the library is very interesting.
  （我从图书馆借的那本书非常有趣。——从句 that I borrowed from the library 限定 the book。）
• The man who is standing there is my teacher.
  （站在那里的那个人是我的老师。——从句 who is standing there 限定 the man。）
• The girl whom you met yesterday is my sister.
  （你昨天遇到的那个女孩是我的妹妹。——从句 whom you met yesterday 限定 the girl。）
• The student whose homework was lost is very upset.
  （作业丢了的那个学生非常沮丧。——从句 whose homework was lost 限定 the student。）
• The car which is parked outside belongs to my neighbor.
  （停在外面的那辆车是我邻居的。——从句 which is parked outside 限定 the car。）
• The movie that we watched last night was amazing.
  （我们昨晚看的那部电影很棒。——从句 that we watched last night 限定 the movie。）
• The person who called you earlier is my boss.
  （刚才给你打电话的那个人是我的老板。——从句 who called you earlier 限定 the person。）
• The letter which I received this morning is very important.
  （我今天早上收到的那封信非常重要。——从句 which I received this morning 限定 the letter。）
• The house that has a red roof is mine.
  （有红色屋顶的那栋房子是我的。——从句 that has a red roof 限定 the house。）
• The boy whose father is a doctor studies very hard.
  （父亲是医生的那个男孩学习非常努力。——从句 whose father is a doctor 限定 the boy。）

2.2.2 非限制性定语从句（Non-restrictive Relative Clauses）

非限制性定语从句中，从句对先行词进行补充说明，而非限定，去掉后不影响句子的整体意义。通常用逗号隔开，常见引导词包括 who, whom, whose, which 等（不使用 that）。

• My brother, who lives in New York, is visiting us.
  （我的哥哥住在纽约，他正在拜访我们。——从句 who lives in New York 补充说明 my brother。）
• The Eiffel Tower, which is located in Paris, is a famous landmark.
  （埃菲尔铁塔位于巴黎，是一个著名的地标。——从句 which is located in Paris 补充说明 The Eiffel Tower。）
• My teacher, whom I respect deeply, gave me great advice.
  （我非常尊敬的老师给了我很好的建议。——从句 whom I respect deeply 补充说明 my teacher。）
• The book, which was written by a famous author, has become a bestseller.
  （这本书由一位著名作家所写，已经成为畅销书。——从句 which was written by a famous author 补充说明 the book。）
• My neighbor, whose garden is full of flowers, loves gardening.
  （我的邻居，他的花园里种满了花，非常喜欢园艺。——从句 whose garden is full of flowers 补充说明 my neighbor。）
• The museum, which we visited last week, had an amazing exhibition.
  （我们上周参观的那个博物馆有一个很棒的展览。——从句 which we visited last week 补充说明 the museum。）
• My friend Lisa, who is a talented musician, will perform at the concert.
  （我的朋友丽莎是一位才华横溢的音乐家，她将在音乐会上表演。——从句 who is a talented musician 补充说明 Lisa。）
• The old house, which has been abandoned for years, is now being renovated.
  （那座被废弃多年的旧房子现在正在翻新。——从句 which has been abandoned for years 补充说明 the old house。）
• The professor, whose lecture I attended yesterday, is very knowledgeable.
  （我昨天听讲座的那位教授非常博学。——从句 whose lecture I attended yesterday 补充说明 the professor。）
• The painting, which is worth millions of dollars, was stolen last night.
  （那幅价值数百万美元的画作昨晚被盗了。——从句 which is worth millions of dollars 补充说明 the painting。）

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2.3 副词性从句（Adverbial Clauses）

副词性从句是用来修饰动词、形容词或整个句子的从句，表示时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步或比较等关系。

2.3.1 时间状语从句（Time Clauses）

• 定义: 表示动作发生的时间。
• 引导词: 常见引导词包括 when, while, before, after, since, until, as soon as 等。
• 示例:
  • I will call you when I arrive.
    （我到了会给你打电话。——从句 when I arrive 表示时间。）
  • She had finished her homework before dinner.
    （她在晚饭前完成了作业。——从句 before dinner 表示时间。）

2.3.2 地点状语从句（Place Clauses）

• 定义: 表示动作发生的地点。
• 引导词: 常见引导词包括 where, wherever。
• 示例:
  • You can sit wherever you like.
    （你可以坐在你喜欢的任何地方。——从句 wherever you like 表示地点。）
  • He found his keys where he had left them.
    （他在他放钥匙的地方找到了它们。——从句 where he had left them 表示地点。）

2.3.3 原因状语从句（Reason Clauses）

• 定义: 表示动作发生的原因。
• 引导词: 常见引导词包括 because, since, as。
• 示例:
  • She stayed at home because it was raining.
    （她待在家里因为下雨了。——从句 because it was raining 表示原因。）
  • Since you are busy, I will do it myself.
    （既然你很忙，我会自己做。——从句 Since you are busy 表示原因。）

2.3.4 条件状语从句（Condition Clauses）

• 定义: 表示假设的条件。
• 引导词: 常见引导词包括 if, unless, provided that, as long as 等。
• 示例:
  • If it rains, we will stay indoors.
    （如果下雨，我们会待在室内。——从句 If it rains 表示条件。）
  • You won’t pass the exam unless you study hard.
    （除非你努力学习，否则你不会通过考试。——从句 unless you study hard 表示条件。）

2.3.5 目的状语从句（Purpose Clauses）

• 定义: 表示动作的目的。
• 引导词: 常见引导词包括 so that, in order that。
• 示例:
  • He studied hard so that he could pass the exam.
    （他努力学习以便能通过考试。——从句 so that he could pass the exam 表示目的。）
  • She left early in order that she wouldn’t miss the train.
    （她早早离开以免错过火车。——从句 in order that she wouldn’t miss the train 表示目的。）

2.3.6 结果状语从句（Result Clauses）

• 定义: 表示动作的结果。
• 引导词: 常见引导词包括 so...that, such...that。
• 示例:
  • It was so cold that we stayed inside.
    （天气太冷了，以至于我们待在屋里。——从句 that we stayed inside 表示结果。）
  • She is such a good teacher that all students love her.
    （她是一位非常好的老师，以至于所有学生都喜欢她。——从句 that all students love her 表示结果。）

2.3.7 让步状语从句（Concession Clauses）

• 定义: 表示尽管存在某种情况，但结果仍然成立。
• 引导词: 常见引导词包括 although, though, even if, even though。
• 示例:
  • Although it was raining, we went out.
    （虽然在下雨，我们还是出去了。——从句 Although it was raining 表示让步。）
  • Even if he fails, he will keep trying.
    （即使他失败了，他也会继续尝试。——从句 Even if he fails 表示让步。）

2.3.8 比较状语从句（Comparison Clauses）

• 定义: 表示比较关系。
• 引导词: 常见引导词包括 than, as...as。
• 示例:
  • She is taller than her brother.
    （她比她的哥哥高。——从句 than her brother 表示比较。）
  • He runs as fast as a cheetah.
    （他跑得像猎豹一样快。——从句 as fast as a cheetah 表示比较。）

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2.4 小结

从句的基本分类包括名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句，每种从句都有其独特的功能和结构。掌握这些分类及其用法，可以帮助我们更准确地构建复杂句子，表达丰富的逻辑关系。接下来，我们将深入探讨从句的引导词及其具体用法。