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1. 语态

4.1 语态的定义与作用​

语态表示句子中主语与动词之间的关系，分为主动语态和被动语态。

  • 主动语态：主语是动作的执行者。
    例：The cat caught the mouse. （猫捉住了老鼠。）
  • 被动语态：主语是动作的承受者。
    例：The mouse was caught by the cat. （老鼠被猫捉住了。）

语态的作用​

  1. 表达重点不同：被动语态更强调动作的承受者。
  2. 适应语境需求：被动语态常用于学术和正式语境。
  3. 避免不必要的主语：当执行者不明确或不重要时使用被动语态。

4.2 主动语态（Active Voice）​

1. 定义与结构​

主动语态表明主语是动作的执行者。
结构：主语 + 谓语（动词原形/变化形式）+ 宾语 + 其他

2. 主要用法​

  1. 描述明确的动作主体：
    • She wrote a letter. （她写了一封信。）
  2. 强调主语的重要性：
    • The manager announced the results. （经理宣布了结果。）

4.3 被动语态（Passive Voice）​

4.3.1 定义与结构​

被动语态表明主语是动作的承受者。
基本结构：主语 + be + 过去分词 + 其他

  • The book was read by him. （这本书被他读了。）

4.3.2 不同时态下的被动语态​

时态主动语态被动语态
一般现在时They make cars.Cars are made by them.
一般过去时They made cars.Cars were made by them.
一般将来时They will make cars.Cars will be made by them.
现在完成时They have made cars.Cars have been made by them.
过去完成时They had made cars.Cars had been made by them.
现在进行时They are making cars.Cars are being made by them.
过去进行时They were making cars.Cars were being made by them.

4.3.3 被动语态的主要用法​

  1. 强调动作的承受者：
    • The Mona Lisa was painted by Leonardo da Vinci.
      《蒙娜丽莎》是由达芬奇画的。
  2. 动作执行者不明确或不重要：
    • The cake was eaten. （蛋糕被吃了。）
  3. 正式语境：
    • The policy was approved by the board.
      政策得到了董事会的批准。

4.3.4 被动语态的常见句型​

  1. 否定句：
    • The problem wasn't solved.
      问题没有被解决。
  2. 疑问句：
    • Was the letter sent?
      这封信寄了吗？
  3. 情态动词的被动语态：
    • The task must be completed on time.
      任务必须按时完成。

4.4 语态的转换​

主动语态和被动语态可以互相转换，需注意以下几点：

  1. 主语与宾语的交换：

    • 主语变为介词 "by" 的宾语，宾语变为主语。
    • Active: They wrote the report.
    • Passive: The report was written by them.

  2. 保持时态一致：

    • Active: She is reading a book.
    • Passive: A book is being read by her.

4.5 主动语态与被动语态的对比​

特点主动语态被动语态
句子重点强调动作执行者强调动作承受者
语境非正式、口语化表达正式、学术性表达
复杂程度句式简单需要助动词“be”和过去分词
例句She completed the task.The task was completed by her.

4.6 特殊句型中的语态​

1. 双宾语的被动语态​

  • 主动语态：She gave me a book.
  • 被动语态1：I was given a book by her.
  • 被动语态2：A book was given to me by her.

2. 不定式中的被动语态​

  • 主动语态：I want to complete the project.
  • 被动语态：The project is wanted to be completed by me.

3. 动名词中的被动语态​

  • 主动语态：I enjoy reading books.
  • 被动语态：Books are enjoyed being read by me.

4.7 语态的实际应用​

  1. 在日常交流中的语态选择
    • 主动语态更直接清晰。
    • I lost the keys. （我丢了钥匙。）
  2. 在正式书面表达中的语态使用
    • 被动语态更客观严谨。
    • The experiment was conducted successfully.
      实验被成功地进行了。
  3. 学术写作中的被动语态
    • 被动语态用于强调实验或研究对象。
    • The data were analyzed using Python.
      数据是用Python分析的。

4.8 小结与练习​

1. 总结语态的使用规律​

  • 主动语态：谁做了什么。
  • 被动语态：什么被做了。

2. 综合练习题​

  1. 将以下句子转换为被动语态：
    • They built the bridge last year.
  2. 将以下句子转换为主动语态：
    • The homework was finished by him.

3. 常见错误及纠正​

  • 错误：The report is write by her.
  • 正确：The report is written by her.

4.9 常见语态错误解析​

4.9.1 主语和谓语的一致性​

错误示例：The book are written by him.
正确示例：The book is written by him.
解析：主语为单数“book”，谓语动词需用单数形式。

4.9.2 时态与语态不一致​

错误示例：The cake will be eat by them.
正确示例：The cake will be eaten by them.
解析：被动语态中需使用动词的过去分词形式。

4.9.3 不规则动词的过去分词误用​

错误示例：The letter was wrote yesterday.
正确示例：The letter was written yesterday.
解析：不规则动词的过去分词形式需特别注意。

4.9.4 情态动词后的被动语态​

错误示例：The work must completed by tomorrow.
正确示例：The work must be completed by tomorrow.
解析：情态动词后需接“be + 过去分词”。

4.10 语态的学习技巧​

  1. 理解句子重点：
    • 决定使用主动语态或被动语态取决于句子想强调“动作的执行者”还是“动作的承受者”。
  2. 熟记动词形式变化：
    • 熟悉规则动词和不规则动词的过去分词。
  3. 多做转换练习：
    • 将主动语态和被动语态互相转换，掌握结构差异。
  4. 关注时态变化：
    • 不同时态下被动语态的形式是关键学习点。
  5. 在语境中理解：
    • 阅读文章时注意主动和被动语态的使用场景。

4.11 综合练习​

4.11.1 选择题​

  1. 选择正确的被动语态句子：
    a) The cake ate by her.
    b) The cake was eaten by her.
    答案：b) The cake was eaten by her.

  2. 选择正确的时态：
    a) The homework is finish by him every day.
    b) The homework is finished by him every day.
    答案：b) The homework is finished by him every day.

4.11.2 填空题​

  1. The movie ____ (watch) by millions of people last year.
    答案：was watched
  2. The house ____ (build) by the workers next month.
    答案：will be built

4.11.3 翻译题​

  1. 这个项目由团队完成了。
    答案：The project was completed by the team.
  2. 这些信将在明天被邮寄。
    答案：These letters will be sent tomorrow.

4.11.4 语态转换​

  1. 主动语态改为被动语态：

    • 主动语态：He cleans the room every day.
    • 被动语态：The room is cleaned by him every day.

  2. 被动语态改为主动语态：

    • 被动语态：The homework was done by the students.
    • 主动语态：The students did the homework.

4.12 小结​

  1. 主动语态和被动语态的选择：根据句子表达的重点决定使用哪种语态。
  2. 牢记时态和语态的结合：每种时态的被动语态结构需熟练掌握。
  3. 学会应用：在不同语境中选择适合的语态，增强语言表达能力。

通过不断练习主动与被动语态的转换，熟悉各种时态下的被动语态结构，并结合实际运用，将有效提升对语态的掌握能力！