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4. 完成时态

完成时态表示动作已经完成，或者对某一时间点之前的动作进行描述。完成时态的核心特征是 助动词 have/has/had + 动词的过去分词（Past Participle）。

一、现在完成时（Present Perfect Tense）​

1. 定义与结构​

现在完成时表示动作发生在过去，但与现在有联系，或强调动作已经完成。
结构：

  • 肯定句：主语 + have/has + 动词过去分词 + 其他。
  • 否定句：主语 + have/has + not + 动词过去分词 + 其他。
  • 疑问句：Have/Has + 主语 + 动词过去分词 + 其他？

2. 主要用法​

  1. 表示过去某一时间发生的动作对现在有影响：
    • She has lost her keys.
      她丢了钥匙。（现在还没找到。）
  2. 表示动作从过去持续到现在：
    • I have lived here for five years.
      我已经在这里住了五年。
  3. 表示某种经历：
    • He has been to Japan three times.
      他去过日本三次。

3. 常见时间状语​

  • Already, just, yet, never, ever, so far, recently, for + 时间段, since + 时间点, etc.

4. 示例句​

第一人称：

  1. I have finished my homework. （我已经完成了作业。）
  2. I have not finished my homework. （我还没有完成作业。）
  3. Have I finished my homework? （我已经完成作业了吗？）

第三人称单数：

  1. She has visited Paris twice. （她去过巴黎两次。）
  2. She has not visited Paris twice. （她没有去过巴黎两次。）
  3. Has she visited Paris twice? （她去过巴黎两次吗？）

第三人称复数：

  1. They have cleaned the house. （他们已经打扫了房子。）
  2. They have not cleaned the house. （他们还没有打扫房子。）
  3. Have they cleaned the house? （他们已经打扫了房子吗？）

二、过去完成时（Past Perfect Tense）​

1. 定义与结构​

过去完成时表示过去某一时间之前已经完成的动作。
结构：

  • 肯定句：主语 + had + 动词过去分词 + 其他。
  • 否定句：主语 + had + not + 动词过去分词 + 其他。
  • 疑问句：Had + 主语 + 动词过去分词 + 其他？

2. 主要用法​

  1. 表示过去某一时间之前完成的动作：
    • She had left before I arrived.
      在我到达之前她已经离开了。
  2. 表示过去某一时间之前的经历：
    • They had never seen a snowstorm before.
      他们以前从未见过暴风雪。
  3. 表示过去动作的因果关系：
    • He was happy because he had passed the exam.
      他很高兴，因为他通过了考试。

3. 常见时间状语​

  • Before, after, by the time, when, already, never, etc.

4. 示例句​

第一人称：

  1. I had finished my work before the meeting started. （在会议开始之前，我已经完成了工作。）
  2. I had not finished my work before the meeting started. （在会议开始之前，我还没有完成工作。）
  3. Had I finished my work before the meeting started? （在会议开始之前，我完成了工作吗？）

第三人称单数：

  1. He had eaten dinner before he went out. （他出去之前已经吃过晚饭了。）
  2. He had not eaten dinner before he went out. （他出去之前没有吃晚饭。）
  3. Had he eaten dinner before he went out? （他出去之前吃过晚饭了吗？）

第三人称复数：

  1. They had seen the movie before it was released. （在电影上映之前，他们已经看过了。）
  2. They had not seen the movie before it was released. （在电影上映之前，他们没有看过。）
  3. Had they seen the movie before it was released? （在电影上映之前，他们看过了吗？）

三、将来完成时（Future Perfect Tense）​

1. 定义与结构​

将来完成时表示将来某一时间之前完成的动作。
结构：

  • 肯定句：主语 + will have + 动词过去分词 + 其他。
  • 否定句：主语 + will not have + 动词过去分词 + 其他。
  • 疑问句：Will + 主语 + have + 动词过去分词 + 其他？

2. 主要用法​

  1. 表示将来某一时间之前完成的动作：
    • I will have finished my homework by 10 PM.
      到晚上10点，我将完成作业。
  2. 表示将来某一时间之前的经历：
    • She will have traveled to five countries by next year.
      到明年，她将去过五个国家。
  3. 用于计划或预测：
    • They will have built the bridge by the end of this year.
      到今年年底，他们将建好这座桥。

3. 常见时间状语​

  • By + 时间点, by the time, before, etc.

4. 示例句​

第一人称：

  1. I will have completed my project by next week. （到下周，我将完成我的项目。）
  2. I will not have completed my project by next week. （到下周，我不会完成我的项目。）
  3. Will I have completed my project by next week? （到下周，我会完成我的项目吗？）

第三人称单数：

  1. He will have learned French by the end of the year. （到今年年底，他将学会法语。）
  2. He will not have learned French by the end of the year. （到今年年底，他不会学会法语。）
  3. Will he have learned French by the end of the year? （到今年年底，他会学会法语吗？）

第三人称复数：

  1. They will have finished their homework by dinner time. （到晚饭时间，他们将完成作业。）
  2. They will not have finished their homework by dinner time. （到晚饭时间，他们不会完成作业。）
  3. Will they have finished their homework by dinner time? （到晚饭时间，他们会完成作业吗？）

四、过去将来完成时（Past Future Perfect Tense）​

1. 定义与结构​

过去将来完成时表示从过去的时间看，将来某一时间之前会完成的动作。
结构：

  • 肯定句：主语 + would have + 动词过去分词 + 其他。
  • 否定句：主语 + would not have + 动词过去分词 + 其他。
  • 疑问句：Would + 主语 + have + 动词过去分词 + 其他？

2. 主要用法​

  1. 表示从过去的角度对将来完成动作的推测：
    • I thought I would have finished my homework by then.
      我以为到那时我会完成作业。
  2. 表示对假设情况中完成动作的预期：
    • She said she would have arrived by 8 PM.
      她说她会在晚上8点之前到达。

3. 示例句​

第一人称：

  1. I would have gone to the party if I had been invited. （如果我被邀请了，我会去参加聚会。）
  2. I would not have gone to the party if I had been invited. （如果我被邀请了，我不会去参加聚会。）
  3. Would I have gone to the party if I had been invited? （如果我被邀请了，我会去参加聚会吗？）

第三人称单数：

  1. He would have called you if he had known your number. （如果他知道你的号码，他会打电话给你。）
  2. He would not have called you if he had known your number. （如果他知道你的号码，他不会打电话给你。）
  3. Would he have called you if he had known your number? （如果他知道你的号码，他会打电话给你吗？）

第三人称复数：

  1. They would have finished the project by now if they had started earlier. （如果他们早些开始，他们现在会完成这个项目。）
  2. They would not have finished the project by now if they had started earlier. （如果他们早些开始，他们现在不会完成这个项目。）
  3. Would they have finished the project by now if they had started earlier? （如果他们早些开始，他们现在会完成这个项目吗？）