7. Conjunctions(连词)
一、连词的定义与功能作用
1. 定义
连词是用来连接词、短语或句子的词语,表示它们之间的逻辑关系,包括并列、转折、因果、时间、条件等。
2. 功能作用
连词的主要功能是建立语法结构和逻辑意义上的连接,其具体功能包括:
-
连接并列成分
用于连接两个或多个词语、短语或从句,使其在语法上对等。例如:- She likes apples and oranges.(她喜欢苹果和橙子。)
-
表示逻辑关系
连词可以表示因果、条件、让步等多种逻辑关系,使句子的意思更加清晰。例如:- I stayed at home because it was raining.(我待在家,因为下雨了。)
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组织句子结构
连词可以连接主句和从句,帮助构建复杂的句子。例如:- If you work hard, you will succeed.(如果你努力工作,你就会成功。)
二、连词的功能分类
连词本身在句子中不充当主语、谓语、宾语等成分,而是连接句子的不同部分,其作用可以分为以下几类:
| 类型 | 功能 | 示例 | 翻译 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 并列连词 | 表示并列、转折、选择、因果 | and, but, or, so, nor, yet | 和、但、或者、所以、也不、然而 |
| 从属连词 | 表示时间、原因、条件、让步、目的、 结果 | because, if, although, unless,when, since,while, so that | 因为、如果、虽然、当、尽管、以便 |
| 关联连词 | 成对出现,表示递进、选择、对比等 强调句子平行性 | either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also ,both…and, whether…or | 或者…或者、既不…也不、不仅…而且 |
1.并列连词(Coordinating Conjunctions)
连接两个或多个对等的成分,如两个词、两个短语或两个句子。
| 成分类型 | 示例 | 翻译 |
|---|---|---|
| 连接词 | Cats and dogs are popular pets. | 猫和狗是常见的宠物。 |
| 连接短语 | She likes singing but not dancing. | 她喜欢唱歌,但不喜欢跳舞。 |
| 连接句子 | He wanted to stay, but he had to leave. | 他想留下,但不得不离开。 |
2.从属连词(Subordinating Conjunctions)
用于连接主句和从句,表示从句在意义上依附于主句。
| 关系类型 | 示例 | 翻译 |
|---|---|---|
| 时间 | We left after the meeting ended. | 我们在会议结束后离开了。 |
| 原因 | She left early because she was tired. | 她很累,所以早走了。 |
| 条件 | You can join us if you finish work. | 如果你完成工作,可以加入我们。 |
| 让步 | Although it was late, he kept working. | 尽管很晚了,他仍在工作。 |
3 关联连词(Correlative Conjunctions)
以成对的形式使用,连接两个对等的成分,表示递进、选择或对比等。
| 形式 | 示例 | 翻译 |
|---|---|---|
| either…or | You can either come with us or stay home. | 你可以和我们一起去或者待在家。 |
| neither…nor | He is neither rich nor famous. | 他既不富有也不出名。 |
| not only…but also | She is not only kind but also intelligent. | 她不仅善良而且聪明。 |
三、连词使用示例
| 单词 | 作用 | 示例 | 示例中文翻译 |
|---|---|---|---|
| and | 表示并列,连接对等成分 | She likes apples and oranges. | 她喜欢苹果和橙子。 |
| but | 表示转折 | He wanted to go, but he was too tired. | 他想去,但他太累了。 |
| or | 表示选择 | Do you want tea or coffee? | 你想喝茶还是咖啡? |
| so | 表示结果 | It was raining, so we stayed inside. | 下雨了,所以我们待在屋里。 |
| nor | 表示否定并列 | She doesn’t drink, nor does she smoke. | 她不喝酒,也不抽烟。 |
| for | 表示原因 | She stayed home, for she was feeling unwell. | 她待在家,因为她感觉不舒服。 |
| because | 表示原因 | She left early because she had an appointment. | 她早退了,因为她有一个预约。 |
| although | 表示让步 | Although it was cold, we went out for a walk. | 虽然很冷,我们还是出去散步了。 |
| if | 表示条件 | If you study hard, you will pass the exam. | 如果你努力学习,你就会通过考试。 |
| unless | 表示条件(除非) | You won’t succeed unless you try. | 除非你尝试,否则你不会成功。 |
| when | 表示时间 | Call me when you arrive. | 你到的时候给我打电话。 |
| while | 表示时间或对比 | While I was reading, she was watching TV. | 我在读书时,她在看电视。 |
| since | 表示原因或时间 | She has been happy since she moved here. | 自从她搬到这里后她很开心。 |
| either…or | 表示二选一 | You can either stay here or come with us. | 你可以待在这里或和我们一起去。 |
| neither…nor | 表示否定 | He is neither rich nor famous. | 他既不富有也不出名。 |
| not only…but also | 表示递进 | She is not only smart but also hardworking. | 她不仅聪明,而且勤奋。 |
| both…and | 表示两者都 | Both he and his sister are doctors. | 他和他妹妹都是医生。 |
| whether…or | 表示选择 | I don’t know whether he will come or not. | 我不知道他是否会来。 |
| after | 表示时间 | She went home after she finished her work. | 她完成工作后回了家。 |
| before | 表示时间 | Finish your homework before you play games. | 先完成作业再玩游戏。 |
| as | 表示原因、时间或方式 | As it was late, we decided to leave. | 因为太晚了,我们决定离开。 |
| until | 表示时间(直到) | He didn’t leave until the meeting was over. | 他直到会议结束才离开。 |
| unless | 表示条件(除非) | Don’t call me unless it’s urgent. | 除非紧急情况,不要打电话给我。 |
| so that | 表示目的 | She studies hard so that she can get a scholarship. | 她努力学习以获得奖学金。 |
| in case | 表示条件或预防 | Take an umbrella in case it rains. | 带把伞以防下雨。 |
| though | 表示让步 | Though it was raining, they continued the game. | 虽然下雨了,他们还是继续比赛。 |
四、连词的用法小贴士
- 并列连词后要连接相同类型的句子成分,如两个名词、两个动词短语 或两个独立句子。
- 错误示例:He likes apples and eat oranges.
(动词时态不一致,应改为:and eats)
- 错误示例:He likes apples and eat oranges.
- 从属连词引导的从句不能独立存在,需与主句搭配使用。
- 错误示例:Because she was late.
(应加主句:She apologized because she was late.)
- 错误示例:Because she was late.
- 关联连词的两部分需对应,保持句子结构平行。
- 错误示例:She is not only smart but hardworking.
(应改为:but also hardworking.)
- 错误示例:She is not only smart but hardworking.